x86 Instruction Set Reference

CMPXCHG - Compare and Exchange

Opcode Mnemonic Description
0F B0 /r CMPXCHG r/m8,r8 Compare AL with r/m8. If equal, ZF is set and r8 is loaded into r/m8. Else, clear ZF and load r/m8 into AL.
0F B1 /r CMPXCHG r/m16,r16 Compare AX with r/m16. If equal, ZF is set and r16 is loaded into r/m16. Else, clear ZF and load r/m16 into AX
0F B1 /r CMPXCHG r/m32,r32 Compare EAX with r/m32. If equal, ZF is set and r32 is loaded into r/m32. Else, clear ZF and load r/m32 into EAX
Description

Compares the value in the AL, AX, or EAX register (depending on the size of the operand) with the first operand (destination operand). If the two values are equal, the second operand (source operand) is loaded into the destination operand. Otherwise, the destination operand is loaded into the AL, AX, or EAX register.

This instruction can be used with a LOCK prefix to allow the instruction to be executed atomically.

To simplify the interface to the processor's bus, the destination operand receives a write cycle without regard to the result of the comparison. The destination operand is written back if the comparison fails; otherwise, the source operand is written into the destination. (The processor never produces a locked read without also producing a locked write.)
Operation 
/*
accumulator = AL, AX, or EAX, depending on whether
a byte, word, or doubleword comparison is being performed
*/
if(accumulator == Destination) {
	ZF = 1;
	Destination = Source;
}
else {
	ZF = 0;
	accumulator = Destination;
}
Flags affected

The ZF flag is set if the values in the destination operand and register AL, AX, or EAX are equal; otherwise it is cleared. The CF, PF, AF, SF, and OF flags are set according to the results of the comparison operation.

IA-32 Architecture Compatibility

This instruction is not supported on Intel processors earlier than the Intel486 processors.

Protected Mode Exceptions
#GP(0)If the destination is located in a non-writable segment. If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit. If the DS, ES, FS, or GS register contains a null segment selector.
#GP(0)If the destination is located in a non-writable segment. If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit. If the DS, ES, FS, or GS register contains a null segment selector.
#SS(0)If a memory operand effective address is outside the SS segment limit.
#PF(fault-code)If a page fault occurs.
Real-Address Mode Exceptions
#GPIf a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit.
#GPIf a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit.
Virtual-8086 Mode Exceptions
#GP(0)If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit.
#GP(0)If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit.
#SS(0)If a memory operand effective address is outside the SS segment limit.
#PF(fault-code)If a page fault occurs.